Very wrong, as you can see from this page from FF#5 printed in 1962, Doom's first appearance..
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Just what exactly he has a doctorate in is anyone's guess... He didn't attend a school of medicine. Most likely he "persuaded" the Latverian University to bestow the title on him.
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As for Byrne retcon, that's a long story but I used to frequent John Byrne's MB and what he was trying to do is reconcile the conflicting versions that were caused by Jack Kirby and Stan Lee's inconsistencies with the character. The first time Doom takes off his mask is in the presence of Stan and Jack themselves in the Marvel offices. Jack drew the page and Stan scripted it. Their reaction is one of fear and revulsion as they both implore him to put it back on. Stan continues with the concept that Doom's face is irreparably scarred in all subsequent appearances. In later years, Jack Kirby would assert at conventions that Doom's face was almost normal except for a small scar and he even made a sketch showing this...
So Byrne attempted to account for both versions, not wanting to favor one over the other. In Byrne's retelling of the story, Victor leaves the States after getting expelled, and is shown with just the small scar as in Kirby's sketch. Then he deliberately has the hot mask put on his face because in his mind his face was already ruined.
Ed Brubaker's recent "Books of Doom" is also deliberately vague about this point but also adds that when Victor tried to contact the Netherworld in the ill-fated college experiment, his face was touched by the hand of a demon. We never see the resulting damage and Brubaker leaves it up to the reader to decide.