Welcome human spider. For a list of materials, it really depends on what kind of web shooter you want. for example, if you want a water shooter, I highly recommend this one.
http://kidavalanche.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/make-an-electric-water-gun/ (Thanks to Nolder for finding that)
However, let's say you want to use a polymer (webbing). That means that you have a viscosity issue, so you have to up the pressure.
That's where you get my post on page 18 where I talk about the basic components.
To start this off, it really depends on what valve you decide to use. In complete honesty, the entire project hinges on that valve.
There are push button valves, tilt valves, solenoid valves, aerosol valves, etc. Once you pick a valve that you want, then we can build everything around it with parts from either home depot or Lowe's. Actually, any old home improvement store will work. There will be a few parts to get online. the cost of this project other than the fluid will be similar to a high end potato cannon.
Also, as a matter of intelligence, you don't have to worry about a thing. I'm not really all that smart. I just excel at using google and imagination. Imagination is more important than fact knowing any day.
EDIT: especially since you can fact check with google.