The word "
Christ" and its compounds, including "Christmas", have been abbreviated in English for at least the past 1,000 years, long before the modern "Xmas" was commonly used. "Christ" was often written as "XP" or "Xt"; there are references in the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as far back as AD 1021. This X and P arose as the
uppercase forms of the
Greek letters χ and
ρ used in ancient abbreviations for Χριστος (Greek for "Christ"),
[2] and are still widely seen in many
Eastern Orthodox icons depicting
Jesus Christ. The
labarum, an amalgamation of the two Greek letters rendered as
☧, is a symbol often used to represent Christ in
Catholic,
Protestant, and
Orthodox Christian Churches.
[18]
The
Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and the OED Supplement have cited usages of "X-" or "Xp-" for "Christ-" as early as 1485. The terms "Xpian" and "Xtian" have also been used for "Christian". The dictionary further cites usage of "Xtianity" for "Christianity" from 1634.
[2] According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, most of the evidence for these words comes from "educated Englishmen who knew their Greek".
[11]
In ancient Christian art, χ and χρ are abbreviations for Christ's name.
[19] In many manuscripts of the
New Testament and
icons, Χ is an abbreviation for Χριστος[
citation needed], as is XC (the first and last letters in Greek, using the lunate
sigma);
[20] compare IC for
Jesus in Greek.