"Batman in Frank Miller's Dark Knight Returns is shown being allies with Gordon, and they have the Bat-Signal on the roof of police headquarters, the Bat-Phone, and Batman is a vigilante".
_____________________________________________________________________________
I would not rely on Frank Miller as a legal scholar. If he thinks police departments may brazenly summon vigilantes, I would not trust him on any other legal matter. The defense would have an easy time at a trial, pointing to the police having enlisted a self-avowed vigilante. People might as well hire a convicted sex offender with a poster at the local police station as a governess and/or nanny.
Miller once either incurred amnesia, insinuated incorrectly, or dissembled on the '60's television show deputizing the hero for the first time.
Further Corrections/Updates to Various Articles
Circa the 1970's:
A displaying of the badge to demonstrate deputy status occurs in
Brave and the Bold#102, with a mention in #148.
Batman Vol 1 295 | DC Database | Fandom
Refer to the dialogue in the following scan:
CollectedEditions.com-Bat Tales: Collected Tales
If police officials solicit the aid of others, these individuals proceed as agents of government. If the police clandestinely availed of the aid of the vigilantes, then perforce the status as vigilante remains. Publicly soliciting aid, by contrast, endows agent of government status. Therefore, Night Raven remained a vigilante if the authorities never endorsed his escapades and explicitly sought to arrest him.
TranscriptHi, I’m Tim Miller. I’m back again with Ms. Solari.
www.fletc.gov
Miller: All right. Well, what about my disgruntled wife or girlfriend, she comes inside my house looking for, maybe, I don’t know -- any type of evidence that I might have inside the house. Would that disgruntled wife or girlfriend – would she trigger the 4th Amendment?
Solari: Normally, no. As long as she is not acting at the behest of the government or on behalf of the government – if she is just acting out of her own private interest and in her own personal capacity, then she would not be considered a government agent.
Miller: Okay, United Parcel Service and FedEx. Those are both private corporations. Do you agree?
Solari: Yes, sir.
Miller: So, if a United Parcel Service employee looks inside a package that I’m delivering– of course he is going inside a place where I have a reasonable expectation of privacy; but, again that UPS employee, he’s a private employee. Right?
Solari: Yes.
Miller: And, I would agree now, I would assume now that there would be no government intrusion...correct?
Solari: No sir, unless he was for some reason acting on behalf of the government or had been asked by a government agent to do that. Unless that were the case then if that person was acting in his own private capacity as a UPS or FedEx employee then he would not be a government agent for 4th Amendment purposes.
Miller: Can private parties ever trigger the 4th Amendment?
Solari: Yes, as we discussed, if a private party were to be acting at the behest of the government -- if a government agent were to ask that FedEx person to open up a package and look inside, or to ask someone’s girlfriend to go through their things looking for evidence to turn over to the police, then that would be government activity. That would be the actions of a government agent because government agents can’t ask private parties to do something they themselves couldn’t do under the 4th Amendment, so in that type of instance it would be extended to that private party.