The twin goals of converting Indians and defeating Catholics provided a strong rallying cry for Virginias settlers. Prospective settlers were instructed to bring no traitors, nor Papists that depend on the Great ****e.
An Anglican promotional booklet argued that if the Spanish had so much luck pressing their corrupt religion, imagine how successful the English could be with their noble goals of saving those wretched people, drawing them from darkness to light, from falsehood to truth, from dumb idols to the living God, from the deep pit of hell to the highest heaven.
King Jamess charter for Virginia in 1606 made it official: The mission was to promote Christianity to those living in darkness and miserable ignorance of the true knowledge and worship of God. The faiths of the settlers were tested even before they landed in Virginia. One-third of the immigrants on the Godspeed, the Discovery, and the Susan Constant in 1607 died en route. Once in America, their goal of converting Indians soon took a backseat to survival. In 1609 and 1610, the period known as the starving time, the colony almost perished. Settlers ate dogs, cats, rats, and one another in order to survive. One man was executed for killing his wife for food.
To try to salvage the colony, the Virginia Company in May 1611 sent Lord Thomas de la Warr and Thomas Dale, who swiftly issued a new set of laws to bring order, in part through forced religiosity. The laws declared that the job of the king is principal care of true Religion and reverence to God and that the settlers themselves were especial souldiers in this sacred cause.
The new Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall required worship twice each Sunday. Those who failed to do so would lose their daily allowance; a second infraction would draw a whipping, and the third offense would put them in the galleys at sea for six months.
Settlers who failed to observe the Sabbath lost provisions for a week (first offense), received a whipping (second offense), or were executed (third offense). Women convicted of sexual misdeeds were required to wear white gowns, hold white wands, and stand on chairs or stools during public worship.
Blasphemythe use of unlawful oaths and taking the name of God in vainwas a serious crime, sometimes punishable by having a hot iron plunged through the tongue, and sometimes by execution.
Eight settlers were put to death in Jamestown for violations of Dales laws. Though alien to us, the idea behind forced worship was practical: Pervasive worship would secure Gods favor and give settlers the strength and moral wherewithal to cope with the crushing burdens of disease, Indian attacks, and internal squabbling.
The settlers did survive in part because of their strong faith, and in surviving, they prevented encroachment from French and Spanish Catholics who settled west and south of Virginia. At that moment in history, the Catholic Church was viewed in England not as a competing form of Christianity but as a fraudulent faith.
Not surprisingly, the Virginia government attempted to squelch Catholicism within the colony. In 1640, it prohibited Catholics from holding public office unless they had taken the oath of allegiance and supremacy to the Church of England. It decreed that any popish priests who arrived in Virginia should be deported forthwith.
Virginia certainly didnt limit itself to punishing just Catholics and Indians. In 1660, it forbade ship captains from importing Quakers; Puritan clergy were banished; and Jews were kept out entirely for two generations.