Update (if anyone cares): I went through and attempted make a chronological list of MCU movies, TV shows and one-shots. I'll attempt to update it once AoS is done with season 2 and Daredevil come out (Reason: The first couple of episodes of DD might take place a couple of years ago, or a couple of years in the future). I'll try to update about every 6 months, or as new MCU projects are announced.
MCU Chronology
Captain America: The First Avenger
Agent Carter (Marvel One-Shot)
Iron Man
Iron Man 2
The Incredible Hulk
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thors Hammer (Marvel One-Shot)
Thor
The Consultant (Marvel One-Shot)
Captain America: The First Avenger (last few minutes)
The Avengers
Item 47 (Marvel One-Shot)
Iron Man 3
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Season One)
o Pilot
o 0-8-4
o The Asset
o Eye-Spy
o Girl in the Flower Dress
o FZZT
o The Hub
Thor: The Dark World
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Season One)
o The Well
o Repairs
o The Bridge
o The Magical Place
All Hail The King (Marvel One-Shot)
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Season One)
o Seeds
o T.R.A.C.K.S.
o T.A.H.I.T.I.
o Yes Men
o End of the Beginning
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Season One)
o Turn, Turn, Turn
o Providence
o The Only Light in the Darkness
o Nothing Personal
o Ragtag
o Beginning of the End
Guardians of the Galaxy
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Season Two)
o Shadows
o Heavy is the Head
o Making Friends and Influencing People
o Face My Enemy
o A Hen in the Wolf House
o A Fractured House
o The Writing on the Wall
o The Things We Bury
o Ye Who Enter Here
o What They Become
2015
Agent Carter
o Now is Not the End
o Bridge and Tunnel
Upcoming:
Agent Carter (Jan. 6 - Feb. 24)
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 (episodes 11-19)
Avengers: Age of Ultron (May 1)
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 (episodes 20-22)
Daredevil (Netflix - May)
Ant-Man (July 17)
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 (episodes 1-10 Fall)
AKA Jessica Jones (Netflix - November)
2016
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 (episodes 11-22)
Captain America: Civil War (May 6, 2016)
Luke Cage (Netflix - May)
Dr. Strange (November 4, 2016)
Iron Fist (Netflix - November)
2017
Guardians of the Galaxy 2 (May 5, 2017)
The Defenders (Netflix - May)
Thor: Ragnarok (July 28, 2017)
Black Panther (November 3, 2017)
2018
Avengers: Infinity War Part I (May 4, 2018)
Captain Marvel (July 6, 2018)
Inhumans (November 2, 2018)
2019
Avengers: Infinity War Part II (May 3, 2019)
I will place the Agent Carter series in the appropriate place after it has aired. I just want confirmation on it's placement. Also, I'm sure that Ant-Man will probably shake things up, if the rumors of flashbacks with Peggy Carter and Howard Stark turn out to be true.